Foundations to FrontierBezhig

Part V: Calculus II

Integration strategy, honest numerical error, differential equations, series, and curves in the plane.

15 chapters, 124 exercises.

  1. Module 20Integration by parts and structural choices8 exercisesRecognize when a product suggests integration by parts, choose useful components, repeat the method when necessary, and solve a cyclic integral.
  2. Module 21Trigonometric integrals and trigonometric substitution8 exercisesChoose a parity-based trig integration strategy and use a trig substitution while preserving its interval and square-root sign.
  3. Module 22Partial fractions and a mixed integration strategy8 exercisesDecompose rational functions including repeated and irreducible factors; select methods for an unlabeled integral; and preserve domain intervals in a primitive.
  4. Module 23Numerical integration and honest error bounds8 exercisesCompute composite midpoint, trapezoidal, and Simpson approximations; distinguish actual error from a bound; and select a mesh meeting a stated guarantee.
  5. Module 24Improper integrals and probability density8 exercisesDefine improper integrals by separate limits, decide convergence, distinguish convergence from value, and normalize a continuous probability density.
  6. Module 25Introductory differential equations and dynamical models8 exercisesRecognize separable and first-order linear equations, preserve equilibrium solutions, verify an initial-value solution, and interpret Euler approximations.
  7. Mixed review R2: choosing a rate or accumulation method8 exercisesUse this review after Module 25. It deliberately combines earlier derivative ideas with integration and approximation. R2.07 is an introductory differential-equation extension; complete it when that topic is part of your study…
  8. Module 26Sequences, series, and the meaning of convergence8 exercisesDistinguish a sequence of terms from a sequence of partial sums, evaluate geometric and telescoping series, and use the term test only in its valid direction.
  9. Module 27Positive series: comparison, integral, ratio, and root tests8 exercisesSelect a convergence test based on term structure, verify its hypotheses, and distinguish a decisive result from an inconclusive one.
  10. Module 28Alternating series, absolute convergence, and controlled error8 exercisesDistinguish absolute from conditional convergence, verify the alternating-series hypotheses, and bound an approximation with correct next-term indexing.
  11. Module 29Power series and endpoint testing8 exercisesFind a radius and interval of convergence, test endpoints separately, and differentiate or integrate a power series only where justified.
  12. Module 30Taylor approximation, series, and remainder control8 exercisesConstruct Taylor polynomials, distinguish approximation from equality to an infinite series, and choose a justified remainder bound.
  13. Module 31Parametric curves and Cartesian conics8 exercisesRead a curve’s geometry and orientation from a parameter, compute slopes and lengths, and identify basic conics without losing parameter restrictions.
  14. Module 32Polar coordinates, polar calculus, and conics8 exercisesInterpret negative radius and equivalent coordinates, compute polar slopes and areas, choose intervals that trace a region once, and recognize focus-directrix conic forms.
  15. Cumulative assessment: Calculus II12 exercisesUse this assessment after Module 32, retaining Calculus I prerequisites. The method is not named in most statements. A convergence classification is not automatically an evaluation of a sum. A numerical approximation needs its…
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